Education

More on Fighting Bias in History Textbooks

Published May 03, 2009 @ 04:46PM PT

Texas Church

In the pantheon of fundamentalist history, the man revered above all others is General Stonewall Jackson of the Confederacy, perhaps the most brilliant military commander in American history and certainly the most pious. United States History for Christian Schools devotes more space to Jackson, “Soldier of the Cross,” and the revivals he led among his troops in the midst of the Civil War, than to either Robert E. Lee or Ulysses S. Grant.
--Jeff Sharlet, "Through a glass, darkly: How the Christian right is reimagining U.S. history" (Harper's Magazine, 2006)

So let's assume the worst: the Texas fundamentalists on the state Board of Education succeed in their new attempt to impose an extreme religious right bias on the state history standards. The textbook industry predictably runs its race to the bottom by appeasing these ideologues, adding chapters claiming America was founded as a Christian nation, framing social issues from women's rights to gay rights to the environment in a faith-based, fundamentalist "light," and so forth. And high school history teachers in Texas - and, since all textbooks aim to capture the Texas market, practically every other state in America - find themselves having to teach with these blindered texts. How can the teachers simultaneously use the textbook and, as James Loewen urges, "teach against" it?

By a delicious coincidence, the Texas news came out just as I was writing about plans to teach history next school year by having students create an online, wiki-based "critical companion" to whatever textbooks we'll be using in our classes. The Texas agenda makes the project more relevant still. And best of all, several readers have weighed in on possible weaknesses of the idea, helping me think harder about how to structure it to optimal effect. I hope you'll do the same.

Claus von Zastrow summarized the idea best in a comment to the "Calling Bullsh!t on Textbooks" post:

You describe a wonderful learning process: Read a textbook for what it is worth; Call bulls**t when it seems facile or exclusionary; Do research online or elsewhere to verify/challenge the textbook's assumptions, or to discover a fuller account. At the end of this process, you know enough about the textbook to render a critique, you know about ideas/facts/perspectives not presented in the textbook, you know a bit more about how and where to find information, and you have a more fully refined bulls**t sensor. And you've broadened your body of knowledge considerably.

This goes well beyond the argument (or perhaps straw man?) that we don't need to know facts because we can look them up online.

The approach, it seems to me, values both knowledge and skills.

Then Jodi Rice identified a possible pitfall in the "Why Teachers Should Blog" post:

There *is* always the danger that some people might take things too far in the other direction, using what they believe are their "critical thinking" skills to criticize and eschew legitimate sources of information and replacing those legitimate sources with their own. Cf: Conservapedia.  (Their question would have seemed to be "to what degree, and in what ways, are fundamentalist Christians and other ultra-conservatives represented in Wikipedia?") Not that I'd advocate Wikipedia as a replacement for a good text or other sources of information, but I do think it goes a bit far to say that "Conservapedia is more trustworthy than Wikipedia, because most of the senior staff are real people." Oy.

I replied:

Jodi, it's a good point, but actually an event I'd welcome as a teachable moment re: internet literacy, website evaluation and, best of all, open debate about any controversial directions students might take such a project.

A great thing about making the project wiki-based is that any student making the move you imagine would be doing so publicly, and would be open to equally public challenge on the same wiki page. I can't help but think it would lead to deeper learning. (I actually saw this happen in a Moodle forum a few years ago, in which Christian students, apparently assuming all of their classmates shared their beliefs, characterized atheists as "immoral," and opened a floodgate of atheist, agnostic, and Buddhist students in the classroom challenging the caricature - totally unplanned, and one of the most valuable learning experiences for many students, and their parents, in the class.)

Jodi agreed with the website evaluation and internet literacy points, but pointed out some possible "instructional design" flaws that demand attention (emphasis added):

I guess my point about Conservapedia, in particular, is that it is moderated such that people posting attempts to balance its point of view will be excised -- Conservapedia's own statement about how it is moderated is quite revealing. They believe they are being "truthful" and unbiased/unpartisan, but the fact that their site is named Conservapedia already undermines that claim.

What I worry is that, in the name of doing the same kind of activity you are doing by having students create their own texts through wikis, some people may be creating texts that are just as limited as the textbooks they're setting aside, with the added danger that because they're creating their own texts, they're not objective about them at all. After all, Conservapedia began as a classroom project by a history teacher who believed Wikipedia was "anti-Christian" and "anti-American." I'm thinkin' he ain't so much about the objectivity.

That's as far as we've come.

A few responses, before I turn it over to anybody out there wanting to play:

First, it bears pointing out that I'll be implementing this project at an international school in Singapore, with students from Asian, European, North and South American, Middle Eastern, and African backgrounds. So the danger of a single ideology dominating the project is minimal (except, perhaps, in an economic sense, since all of these students will occupy positions of economic privilege).

Second, I picture the students not so much "creat[ing] their own texts [and] setting their textbooks aside" as putting their textbooks front and center, and creating critical responses to (quoting Claus) those textbooks' biases, omissions, perspectives, and assumptions on the wiki. Concretely, I'm picturing chapter by chapter summaries, each followed by a "controversies" section a la Wikipedia.

Using our hypothetical example of the Texas fundamentalist U.S. History textbook, that would mean students would summarize, say, its section about America being founded as "a Christian nation," and then would address the controversies surrounding that view in the "Controversies" section.

Imagine "Billy" adding a critique of the founders-as-Christians perspective by citing the many Deists among the founders, and "Jane" disagreeing with that. A poorly-moderated wiki would allow Jane to simply delete Billy's text; a better-moderated would one require her to edit it with her own, sourced, refutation of Billy's claim. And, as in Wikipedia, the "Discussions" page would be run by a moderator playing umpire to all changes, based on the background debate between the disagreeing parties taking place on that discussions page.

Third, as for "objectivity," I'm not sure I'm comfortable with the term. Historical narratives are never objective, as far as I can see, by virtue of the simple fact that the historian selects what to include and exclude, what to emphasize and marginalize. So rather than aiming for objectivity, "accuracy, veracity, validity, and balance" might be better grails for the quest.

Jodi's input makes me think that perhaps certain key historical "angles of analysis" should be parceled out to students from the start: the "lenses" of gender, race, economic class, religious viewpoints, international relations (e.g., colonizing v. colonized), bourgeois and workers, for starters. Each student or group representing each factor would criticize the textbook in each "Controversies" section following each summary.

That's as far as I can take it right now. What excites me most about the idea is that it seems sure to lead to real debates among the students, rather than "schooly," teacher-assigned ones. Equally exciting is the idea that students will learn not only how to read what is in texts, but as importantly - what isn't.

This was long, but if you made it this far, I really hope you'll extend or strengthen the idea in comments. (Thanks to those of you who have already.)

Who knows? It might one day help Texas avoid an educational Alamo.

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Comments (16)

  1. Clay Burell

    Jodi, here's Wikipedia on "Neutral Point of View":

    Wikipedia must have a neutral point of view, which means we strive for articles that advocate no single point of view. Sometimes this requires representing multiple points of view, presenting each point of view accurately, providing context for any given point of view, and presenting no one point of view as "the truth" or "the best view". It means citing verifiable, authoritative sources whenever possible, especially on controversial topics. When a conflict arises regarding neutrality, declare a cool-down period and tag the article as disputed, hammer out details on the talk page, and follow dispute resolution.

    --helpful guidelines indeed.

    Posted by Clay Burell on 05/03/2009 @ 05:35PM PT

  2. Clay Burell

    More from Wikipedia policy/guidelines:

    All articles must adhere to Wikipedia's neutrality policy, fairly representing all majority and significant-minority viewpoints that have been published by reliable sources, in rough proportion to the prominence of each view. Tiny-minority views and fringe theories need not be included, except in articles devoted to them.



    [edit] Questionable sources Questionable sources are those with a poor reputation for fact-checking. Such sources include websites and publications expressing views that are widely acknowledged as extremist, or promotional in nature, or which rely heavily on rumors and personal opinions. Questionable sources should only be used as sources of material on themselves, especially in articles about themselves. (See below.) Articles about such sources should not repeat any contentious claims the source has made about third parties, unless those claims have also been published by reliable sources.

    Posted by Clay Burell on 05/03/2009 @ 08:08PM PT

  3. Jodi Rice

    "helpful guidelines indeed"

    I agree, and I think Wikipedia's neutrality guidelines are much more solid than Conservapedia's affirmation that their content is more reliable simply because it's moderated.

    In terms of your point that "rather than aiming for objectivity, 'accuracy, veracity, validity, and balance' might be better grails for the quest," I couldn't agree more. As an English teacher, I feel much as you do as a History teacher about the illusion of objectivity. My use of that word, though, was in refutation of Conservapedia's own claims of its "unbiased" stance -- or similar claims that could be made by less conscientious souls than yourself, working with less international / heterogeneous student bodies.

    Anyway, I love the idea of a well-run, democratic wiki as a teaching tool, and I'm hoping I get the chance to implement something along these lines in future courses I teach. There's also a lot to be mined from the comments of others to this post, so I'll have to take some time to synthesize all of it.

    Thanks!

    Posted by Jodi Rice on 05/09/2009 @ 08:08AM PT

  4. laura Gonzalez

    unfortunately all of us are biased and carry our own values which reflect our thinking adn teaching for that matter(whether we realizie it or not) therefore information is always going to be skewed or ommited. Would you for example talk about creationism to your classes? probably not because in your point of view its not necessary or realible, so you have already skewed information that some would deemed as worthy of a discussion. But nobody can make you(or any teacher)include all sources and all information regarding a certain topic that is up to your discretion.
    Regarding the word conservative you have given an specific connotation which to you means something. To others liberal means hippie,druggie can hold a job. But just because someone gives them a certain connotation does not make it so. So for me the name site is named Conservapedia does not imply a biased. The biased is on peoples mind that alraedy have a preconception and judgement in their minds when they hear the word conservative or liberal.

    Posted by laura Gonzalez on 05/11/2009 @ 10:54AM PT

  5. Reply to thread
  6. Jason Spivey

    Clay one aspect that you might want to include is, once in awhile having parents also chime in. I know that you are familiar with what I deem "Parent Homework" in which I give a primary source to my students and they are to discuss open ended questions with their parents. On more than one occasion this has sparked conversation at home that I crave in the classroom (shouting, surprise, new respect, etc.). Would adding a section to your wiki that would get perspective from those who "lived it" make the text book better?

    I would argue yes. In theory this could give your wiki more of community backbone. It would get "experts" more involve and they also might find issues in the textbook that is disagreeable. It will also remind those that are past "schooly" education and in the real world that learning about our earth is a life long joy if taken advantage of. Would love to hear your response and criticism. Also I might be teaching the same subject as you so please keep me in mind for some collaboration time.

    Posted by Jason Spivey on 05/03/2009 @ 05:57PM PT

  7. Clay Burell

    Jason, I love the idea for all the reasons you cite. It's also a way to invite parents into any controversy by giving them a voice, rather than invite their complaints by excluding them.

    I'm boning up on Wikipedia's rules and guidelines in hopes they'll help me set this up so that only reasoned, sourced argument is used. Opinionated soap-boxes I don't want. There may be a place for those on a companion blog or forum....

    I'll definitely keep in touch. I've got 2 Western Civ (grade 9) and 3 Chinese history (grades 10-12) next year. You?

    Posted by Clay Burell on 05/03/2009 @ 06:05PM PT

  8. Reply to thread
  9. ophelia  omai

    A noble project. But what about letting public schools/ textbooks fall so low? Sad situation.

    Posted by ophelia omai on 05/03/2009 @ 07:37PM PT

  10. Marc Pare

    I've been reading this series of articles from the start, and at first I was thrilled with your idea, Clay. As a student, I think the chance to engage the textbook in a manner besides "cram as much of this in your head as possible" is fantastic. However, I've started having doubt. You said it yourself, actually:

    "...it seems sure to lead to real debates among the students, rather than "schooly," teacher-assigned ones. Equally exciting is the idea that students will learn not only how to read what is in texts, but as importantly - what isn't."

    See, I'm not convinced that your plan won't just lead to "schooly" debates! Here's why: there's nothing inherent in social media that makes it more engaging. That is, there are thousands plenty of boring, unengaging experiences on the internet for every shining star like Wikipedia and Facebook. It takes something really special, some mechanism to get people involved that's more unique than simply allowing them to post an opinion.

    Also, you will probably have to tread a fine line between pushing students to be critical and making them believe that they can critique anything. It goes without saying that *anything* can be critiqued. Perhaps a more constructive exercise than the one you're proposing it to find a *good* textbook author and figure out why he/she chose to *include* the things written in the textbook.

    Again, I'm very excited by the idea; I think it's a step in the right direction. My experience as a student, though, makes me leery.

    Any thoughts? Maybe you've already considered these issues...

    Posted by Marc Pare on 05/03/2009 @ 10:45PM PT

  11. Clay Burell

    Good feedback, Marc. It's after midnight here, so real quick:

    1. "Simply allowing [students] to post an opinion" is not the objective. Directing them to post supplemental information that either complicates what the textbook includes, or add information that it excludes, is. Any opinion about the textbook will have to be justified with information beyond the text.

    Examples: Woodrow Wilson is often painted as a progressive in textbooks, and they almost always leave out his extreme (and historically documented) racism. A student "supplementing" the textbook with examples of his racism would be justified in inferring from this omission that the textbook seems to whitewash Wilson in a typical case of heroizing and mythologizing American presidents. There are a million more examples from any national history's narratives: how they're framed, what they include and exclude.

    2. The "fine line" you mention is important to note. Precisely by encouraging them to be critical, though, they'll have the opportunity to learn what is and is not a valid critique. Their false steps will be as important as their solid ones, since it's through mistakes that they learn. Failure's a great teacher.

    3. "Finding a good textbook" is a good idea, but teachers have to use the ones assigned by the school (at least in my case). Directing students to search for information beyond the textbook - whether in other textbooks or, better still, in works by historians online or in the library - will sort of expose them to a wider range of narratives, some better, some worse. But to me, the important thing is that they be challenged to never take any authoritative text as wholly "good". Our pundits in the New York Times are often horribly bad, yet enjoy great reputations. And let's not forget that any given textbook is also going to have its fair share of decent work in some sections.

    I spent some time today burrowing into Wikipedia's policies and guidelines starting with theirPolicy, Procedures, and Product page. Lots of very useful guidance for keeping it rigorous.

    Keep it coming. I've got a few months to refine this, so the input is greatly appreciated.

    Posted by Clay Burell on 05/04/2009 @ 08:45AM PT

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  12. Marc Pare

    Alright, I'm digging the idea more than ever.

    1. You're right that there is a big difference between "an opinion" and a conclusion based on data/events. (More on the implication of this at the end)

    2. Great point, but it makes something obvious: this plan of your requires good feedback mechanisms to be successful. Wikipedia has a pretty natural feedback mechanism in place: there is prestige in having your writing show up as the definitive answer for something.

    I think a teacher can play the role of wiki editor fairly easily, pointing out "false steps" as they arise. However, a wiki for a class is missing that element of prestige. Maybe there should be something included for students to say they "like" an entry, or perhaps could be rewarded for adding insightful commentary.

    3. Spot on...no need to draw this point out.

    Ok, so, an anecdote to sum this up:

    One of the best professors I've ever had taught Psychology of Creativity--the material was engaging, exciting, enlightening, you name it. One of the few assignments the professor had us do was write a weekly journal entry in a class forum, hoping to spark discussion among students. And even though the material was as engaging as any that I've ever encountered (and most of my classmates would say the same), there was precious little discussion on the forums. Students would just post what amounted to the quickest thing that they could think of that met the requirements, often resorting to "posting an opinion."

    The activity was *so close* to being right, though: it got us thinking beyond what was said in class in a critical manner. For instance, I got really excited one week and dug through baseball stats looking for Lotka curves because of a post someone else had written. I think your scheme might have the missing pieces because it stresses data and critical interpretation.

    Posted by Marc Pare on 05/04/2009 @ 10:25AM PT

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  14. Zeus Yiamouyiannis

    Clay,
    I come more from the "applied" philosophical side of curriculum planning. It seems many of the comments here touch on but don't explicitly note that students can easily confuse different modes of expression/purposes of activity in developing skills around critique and interpretation.  
    Students may think they are exerting their opinion when invited to wiki, or they may think they are blogging, mixing their stories with analytical critique in an attempt to express and highlight a point of view.  If this is the purpose, collecting a lot of balancing views, then it may be successful instructionally to open their minds about possible interpretations, but it might not help them distinguish between modes of analysis, critique, opinion, etc.  
    Maybe a bird's-eye review of the different modes of investigating and interpreting human history might be helpful, so students begin to know what types of skills they are developing. There are many types, and many of them are distinct, even apparently contradictory, so THEY (various modes of interpreting and assessing history and the human condition), if learned, end up adding another level of expansion and balance to learning.  
    Story, especially good fiction, is an excellent way to bring forth a truth about the human condition, but, of course, this does not mean the story empirically happened.  Being able to distinguish and understand the importance/value of empirical verification AND other forms/mode of assessing, communicating, and describing human reality in all its facets requires knowing that there are different modes, what they look like, and what their purposes are. John Cheever's fiction is an excellent example.  Much of his rich text and illuminating struggle in his writing was generated out of his own closeted bisexuality and the tensions it caused within him between personal desire and social approval. 
    I found this confusion over what I call "modes of interpretation" (including evaluation) all the time in teaching teachers at a university.  Often conversation would veer from "Those are the facts" to "It's my opinion; it can't be right or wrong."  To this I typically responded, "Facts come from human interpretation and as such are prone to error and revision" and "If you hold a racist opinion and it restricts how you teach and honor a student of color, from a learning perspective, it IS wrong."

    The key here is understanding the fullest range of interactive effects that occur both within and outside of one's own thinking and person. If there is one major practical barrier to developing a vital public intellectualism it is unwitting egoism, the extension of a (necessarily constructed and provisional) "self" on to society and on to eternity.  

    Anything that can be done to perturb that and challenge students to contrast and create beyond a simple association of self with world will likely be quite beneficial.  

    Posted by Zeus Yiamouyiannis on 05/04/2009 @ 07:46AM PT

  15. Clay Burell

    Closer to 1 a.m. after my last comment, so again, sorry to be brief, Zeus.

    I love the thrust of your comment. A twitter pal in Australia turned me on to Teaching History dot org today. It has several approaches to teaching a critical understanding of historical schools of thought. It also has a great approach to teaching the contructedness of all history in thisQuestioning Textbook Authority unit. I may adapt it.

    Above all, your input reminds me to stake out the first week or two give a tour of the "meta" of history. You've made me pull my copy of E.H. Carr's What is History? off the shelf for a re-read.

    As for using literature and other art to illuminate history, that's a given in my book (I majored in "Interdisciplinary Arts and Letters" out of a refusal to accept that a piece of the pie makes sense removed from the whole pie, so I'm thoroughly grounded in the history of philosophy, religion, politics, literature, and art). That being said, studying history through these lenses will probably take place outside of the wiki textbook supplement, which I don't see as the entire program at all. It will just be one slice of the pie.

    Thanks for the great input and keep it coming.

    Posted by Clay Burell on 05/04/2009 @ 09:03AM PT

  16. Reply to thread
  17. Zeus Yiamouyiannis

    I've heard that a soundly critiquing mind also needs sleep!  In lieu of your mother and your wife (who according to you thinks you're married to your Mac), it's now time for you to comment online only in dreamland.  

    Posted by Zeus Yiamouyiannis on 05/04/2009 @ 09:28AM PT

  18. chan L.

    I like this article very much it interest me in so many ways. It spoke the truth and i agree with the other comments as well.

    Posted by chan L. on 05/07/2009 @ 07:44AM PT

  19. Jodi Rice

    Timely article in NYT with respect to these ideas: http://tinyurl.com/pp3fsx

    Interesting quotation from the article, in light of how readily people will accept bias in textbooks:

    "In January, a school board in Missoula County, Mont., decided that screening the video treaded on academic freedom after a parent complained that its message was anticapitalist."

    But I like this teacher's approach to that particular complaint:

    "Mark Lukach, who teaches global studies at Woodside Priory, a Catholic college-preparatory school in Portola Valley, Calif., acknowledged that the film is edgy, but said the 20-minute length gives students time to challenge it in class after viewing it. [. . .] Mr. Lukach's students made a response video and posted it on YouTube, asking Ms. Leonard to scare them less and give them ideas on how to make things better. That in turn inspired high school students in Mendocino, Calif., to post an answer to Woodside, with suggested activities."

    Posted by Jodi Rice on 05/11/2009 @ 05:30PM PT

  20. Clay Burell

    Nice assist, Jodi. I just posted about it here.

    Posted by Clay Burell on 05/11/2009 @ 10:26PM PT

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Clay Burell

Clay is an American high school Humanities teacher, technology coach, and Apple Distinguished Educator who has taught for the last eight years in Asian international schools. According to law, he's married to his wife. According to his wife, he's married to his Mac.

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